2) Media Communications
 General
     - Media drawn to disasters (CNN effect)
     - Perceived performance is crucial 

    Current Media Climate
     - Instant Communications
     - Abundant information
     - 24 hour news cycle

    Working with the Press
          - Challenge and opportunity
     - Goals
     - Inform, educate, soothe, rally
     - Telling own story 
     - Policy windows 

     Products
     - Press Releases
     - Press Conferences
     - Web Sites
     - Situation Reports
     - White House Reports

    Use of Spokespeople

3) Communications with the Public
    General
     - Changing expectations of public
     - Declining public support for Government programs
     - Need to communicate with public and involve in decision making
     - Customer service approach

       FEMA
Strategy 
    Office of Public Affairs 
     - The Recovery Channel 
     - The Recovery Times 
     - FEMAFAX/Spectrafax 
     - The FEMA Radio Network (FRN) 
     - The Recovery Radio Network
    -  Emergency Alert System (EAS) 
     - The FEMA Internet World Wide Web site 
     - Global Emergency Management System 
    - The FEMA Automatic Internet Emergency News and Situation Report Distribution Service

4) Communicating disaster risk to the Public 
   1. General
     - Importance
     - Public awareness reducing vulnerability
   2. Warning Systems
     a. Importance in reducing loss
    b. Improvements - technology
     c. Examples:
       - Hurricanes – satellite imaging, weather forecasting 
      - Floods – automated flood gauges
       - Tsunamis - warning systems, inundation maps 
        - Volcanoes – early warning, identified escape routes
        - Tornadoes – Doppler radar, warning systems 
        - Avalanches – rating systems 
     - Bio-terrorism 
     - Future trends 

5) Communications with Partners (Federal, State, Local, NGOs)

  General 
     - Overlapping responsibilities and unclear delineation make communication crucial
    - Interpersonal skill and political acumen needed

       Partnerships
- FEMA & state and local agencies
- NFIP – encourages risk communication
- IEMS – assesses communication capabilities
- Greater interagency communication, collaboration needed

6) Communicating with Partners during a disaster
- Ambiguous responsibility 
- Models 
- Command and control (ICS, UCS) 
vs.
- Coordination 
- EOCs
- Proximity to Executives facilitates communication 

7) Conclusion
- Communication essential in all aspects of disaster management