Disaster
Management in the 21st Century
Appendix One
UNITED STATES DISASTER HISTORY |
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---- 2001 ----
Terrorist Attack on World Trade Center, September 11; as of Oct. 10,
$10.5 million in Disaster Housing assistance approved, 3,753 in Individual
and Family Assistance Grants received, $24.8 million in Small Business
Administration Loans approved, over $126 million has been obligated for
the Federal share of public assistance, 220,695 tons of debris, not including
steel, removed, 422 bodies recovered, 8,786 persons injured, 4,815 persons
missing
Terrorist Attack at the Pentagon, September 11, FEMA allocated $7.5
million to cover costs in infrastructure repair; 189 dead
Tropical Storm Allison June; rainfall amounts of 30-40 inches in portions
of coastal Texas and Louisiana, severe flooding especially in the Houston
area, fatalities and significant damage reported in TX, LA, MS, FL, VA,
and PA; preliminary estimate of approximately $5.0 billion in damage/costs;
41 deaths.
Nisqually, WA Earthquake, March, 35,500 individuals registered for
state and federal assistance, approximately $322 million damage/costs
---- 2000 ----
Drought/Heat Wave Spring-Summer; Severe drought and persistent heat
over south-central and southeastern states causing significant losses to
agriculture and related industries; preliminary estimate of over $4.0 billion
in damage/costs; estimated 140 deaths nationwide.
Western Fire Season Spring-Summer; Severe fire season in western states
due to drought and frequent winds, with nearly 7 million acres burned;
estimate of over $2.0 billion in damage/costs (includes fire suppression);
no deaths reported.
---- 1999 ----
Hurricane Floyd September; Large category 2, eastern NC, causing 10-20
inch rains in 2 days, with severe flooding in NC and some flooding in SC,
VA, MD, PA, NY, NJ, DE, RI, CT, MA, NH, and VT; estimate of at least $6.0
billion damage/costs; 77 deaths.
Eastern Drought/Heat Wave Summer; Very dry summer and high temperatures,
mainly in eastern U.S., with extensive agricultural losses; over $1.0 billion
damage/costs; estimated 502 deaths.
Oklahoma-Kansas Tornadoes May; Outbreak of F4-F5 tornadoes hit the
states of Oklahoma and Kansas, along with Texas and Tennessee, Oklahoma
City area hardest hit; at least $1.1 billion damage/costs; 55 deaths.
Arkansas-Tennessee Tornadoes January; Two outbreaks of tornadoes in
6-day period strike Arkansas and Tennessee; approximately $1.3 billion
damage/costs; 17 deaths.
---- 1998 ----
Texas Flooding October-November 1998, Severe flooding in southeast
Texas from 2 heavy rain events, with 10-20 inch rainfall totals; approximately
$1.0 billion damage/costs; 31 deaths.
Hurricane Georges September, Category 2, Puerto Rico, Florida Keys,
and Gulf coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida panhandle,
15-30 inch 2-day rain totals in parts of AL/FL; estimated $5.9 billion
damage/costs; 16 deaths.
Hurricane Bonnie August, Category 3, North Carolina and Virginia, extensive
agricultural damage due to winds and flooding, with 10-inch rains in 2
days in some locations; approximately $1.0 billion damage/costs; 3 deaths.
Southern Drought/Heat Wave Summer, Severe drought and heat wave from
Texas/Oklahoma eastward to the Carolinas; $6.0-$9.0 billion damage/costs
to agriculture and ranching; at least 200 deaths.
Minnesota Severe Storms/Hail May, Very damaging severe thunderstorms
with large hail over wide areas of Minnesota; over $1.5 billion damage/costs;
1 death.
Southeast Severe Weather Winter-Spring, related to El Nino, over $1.0
billion damage/costs; at least 132 deaths.
Northeast Ice Storm January, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New
York, with extensive forestry losses; over $1.4 billion damage/costs; 16
deaths.
---- 1997 ----
Northern Plains Flooding April-May, Dakotas and Minnesota due to heavy
spring snowmelt; approximately $3.7 billion damage/costs; 11 deaths.
MS and OH Valleys Flooding and Tornadoes March, states of AR, MO, MS,
TN, IL, IN, KY, OH, and WV, with over 10 inches in 24 hours in Louisville;
estimated $1.0 billion damage/costs; 67 deaths.
West Coast Flooding December 1996-January 1997, Torrential rains (10-40
inches in 2 weeks) and snowmelt produce severe flooding over portions of
California, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, and Montana; approximately
$3.0 billion damage/costs; 36 deaths.
---- 1996 ----
Hurricane Fran September, Category 3, North Carolina and Virginia,
over 10-inch 24-hour rains in some locations and extensive agricultural
and other losses; over $5.0 billion damage/costs; 37 deaths.
Southern Plains Severe Drought Fall 1995 through Summer 1996, Severe
drought in agricultural regions of southern plains—Texas and Oklahoma most
severely affected; approximately $5.0 billion damage/costs; no deaths.
Pacific Northwest Severe Flooding February, Very heavy, persistent
rains (10-30 inches) and melting snow over Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and
western Montana; approximately $1.0 billion damage/costs; 9 deaths.
Blizzard of ‘96 Followed by Flooding January, Very heavy snowstorm
(1-4 feet) over Appalachians, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast; followed by
severe flooding in parts of same area due to rain & snowmelt; approximately
$3.0 billion damage/costs; 187 deaths.
---- 1995 ----
Hurricane Opal October, Category 3, Florida panhandle, Alabama, western
Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and the western Carolinas, causing storm surge,
wind, and flooding damage; over $3.0 (3.3) billion damage/costs; 27 deaths.
Hurricane Marilyn September, Category 2, U.S. Virgin Islands; estimated
$2.1 (2.3) billion damage/costs; 13 deaths.
Texas/Oklahoma/Louisiana/Mississippi Severe Weather and Flooding May
1995. Torrential rains, hail, and tornadoes across Texas - Oklahoma and
southeast Louisiana - southern Mississippi, with Dallas and New Orleans
areas (10-25 inches in 5 days) hardest hit; $5.0-$6.0 (5.5-6.6) billion
damage/costs; 32 deaths.
California Flooding January-March; Frequent winter storms cause 20-70
inches rainfall and periodic flooding across much of California; over $3.0
(3.3) billion damage/costs; 27 deaths.
South Central Alaska Flooding, September – October, 0 dead,
$10 million in damage
---- 1994 ----
Western Fire Season, Summer-Fall, Severe fire season in western states
due to dry weather; approximately $1.0 (1.1) billion damage/costs; death
toll undetermined.
Texas Flooding, October, Torrential rain (10-25 inches in 5 days) and
thunderstorms cause flooding across much of southeast Texas; approximately
$1.0 (1.1) billion damage/costs; 19 deaths.
Tropical Storm Alberto, July, Remnants of slow-moving Alberto brought
torrential 10-25 inch rains in 3 days, widespread flooding, and agricultural
damage in parts of Georgia, Alabama, and panhandle of Florida; approximately
$1.0 (1.1) billion damage/costs; 32 deaths.
Southeast Ice Storm February, Intense ice storm with extensive damage
in portions of TX, OK, AR, LA, MS, AL, TN, GA, SC, NC, and VA; approximately
$3.0 (3.3) billion damage/costs; 9 deaths.
Northridge Earthquake, January
---- 1993 ----
California Wildfires Fall, Dry weather, high winds, and wildfires in
southern California; approximately $1.0 (1.1) billion damage/costs; 4 deaths.
Midwest Flooding Summer, Severe, widespread flooding in central U.S.
due to persistent heavy rains and thunderstorms; approximately $21.0 (23.1)
billion damage/costs; 48 deaths, making it the costliest flood disaster
in U.S. History.
Drought/Heat Wave Summer, Southeastern U.S.; about $1.0 (1.1) billion
damage/costs to agriculture; at least 16 deaths.
Superstorm of March, “Storm of the Century” hits entire eastern seaboard
with storm surges with elevations over 10 ft., tornadoes, high winds, and
heavy snows, blizzard conditions (2-4 feet); $3.0-$6.0 (3.3-6.6) billion
damage/costs; approximately 270 deaths.
---- 1992 ----
Nor’easter of 1992, December, Slow-moving storm batters northeast
U.S. coast, New England hardest hit; $1.0-$2.0 (1.2-2.4) billion damage/costs;
19 deaths.
Hurricane Iniki, September, Category 4 hurricane hits Hawaiian island
of Kauai; about $1.8 (2.2) billion damage/costs; 7 deaths.
Hurricane Andrew, August, Category 4 hurricane hits Florida and Louisiana,
high winds damage or destroy over 125,000 homes; approximately $27.0 (32.4)
billion damage/costs; 61 deaths.
---- 1991 ----
Oakland Firestorm October, Oakland, California firestorm due to low
humidities and high winds; approximately $2.5 (3.3) billion damage/costs;
25 deaths.
Hurricane Bob, August, Category 2 hurricane—Mainly coastal North Carolina,
Long Island, and New England; $1.5 (2.0) billion damage/costs; 18 deaths.
Texas Floods, December 1991 – January 1992, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado,
Guadalupe rivers, 113 dead, $100 million in damage
Halloween Nor’easter, storm surge, impacted entire East Coast
---- 1990 ----
Texas/Oklahoma/Louisiana/Arkansas Flooding May, Torrential rains cause
flooding along the Trinity, Red, and Arkansas Rivers in TX, OK, LA, and
AR; over $1.0 (1.3) billion damage/costs; 13 deaths.
Shadyside, Ohio Flash Floods, June, 26 dead
---- 1989 ----
Hurricane Hugo, Category 4, September, South and North Carolina
with ~ 20-foot storm surge and severe wind damage after hitting Puerto
Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; over $9.0 (12.6) billion damage/costs
(about $7.1 (9.9) billion in Carolinas); 86 deaths (57--U.S. mainland,
29--U.S. Islands).
Northern Plains Drought Summer, Severe summer drought over much of
the northern plains with significant losses to agriculture; at least $1.0
(1.4) billion in damage/costs; no deaths reported.
The Loma Prieta Earthquake
---- 1988 ----
Drought/Heat Wave Summer 1988. 1988 drought in central and eastern
U.S. with very severe losses to agriculture and related industries; estimated
$40.0 (56.0) billion damage/costs; estimated 5,000 to 10,000 deaths (includes
heat stress-related).
---- 1987 ----
Gulf of Alaska Earthquake, 7.9, November 30
---- 1986 ----
Southeast Drought/Heat Wave Summer 1986. Severe summer drought in parts
of the southeastern U.S. with severe losses to agriculture; $1.0-$1.5 (1.6-2.4)
billion in damage/costs; estimated 100 deaths.
Andreanof Islands Earthquake, 8.0, May 7, 1986, Alaska
---- 1985 ----
Hurricane Juan October-November 1985. Category 1 hurricane—Louisiana
and Southeast U.S.—severe flooding; $1.5 (2.6) billion damage/costs; 63
deaths.
Hurricane Elena August-September 1985. Category 3 hurricane—Florida
to Louisiana; $1.3 (2.2) billion damage/costs; 4 deaths.
Florida Freeze January 1985. Severe freeze central/northern Florida;
about $1.2 (2.0) billion damage to citrus industry; no deaths.
---- 1983 ----
Florida Freeze December 1983. Severe freeze central/northern Florida;
about $2.0 (3.6) billion damage to citrus industry; no deaths.
Hurricane Alicia August 1983. Category 3 hurricane—Texas; $3.0 (5.4)
billion damage/costs; 21 deaths.
Borah Peak Earthquake, 7.3, October 28, Idaho
---- 1982----
California Storms, 1982- 1983, severe winterstorms causing storm surges
along the coast, $100 million in damage
---- 1980 ----
Drought/Heat Wave, June-September 1980. Central and eastern U.S.; estimated
$20.0 (44.0) billion damage/costs to agriculture and related industries;
estimated 10,000 deaths (includes heat stress-related).
---- 1976 ----
Big Thompson River Flood, July 31, Denver; An extremely heavy storm
caused a wall of water 19 feet high to roar down the Big Thompson Canyon
where many people were camping. 140 people perished and millions of dollars
of property were lost
---- 1972----
Hurricane Agnes
---- 1971----
The San Fernando Earthquake, California
---- 1969----
Hurricane Camille, Category V, Mississippi and Louisiana
---- 1965----
Hurricane Betsy
Rat Islands Earthquake, 8.7, February 4
---- 1964----
Prince William Sound Earthquake, 9.2, March 28, Alaska, it generated
a tsunami with waves between 10 and 20 feet high along parts of the California,
Oregon, and Washington coasts. This tsunami caused more than $84 million
in damage in Alaska and a total of 123 fatalities.
---- 1962----
Ash Wednesday Storm, storm surge, affected over 620 miles of shoreline,
$300 million in damage
---- 1961----
Hurricane Carla, Category 4, Texas
---- 1960----
Hurricane Donna, Category 4, West Coast of Florida
---- 1959----
Hebgen Lake Earthquake, 7.3, August 18
---- 1958----
Lituya Bay Earthquake, 8.3, July 10
---- 1957----
Hurricane Audrey, Category 4, Louisiana
Andreanof Islands Earthquake, 8.8, March 9, Alaska
---- 1954----
Hurricane Hazel, Category 4, North Carolina/Virginia
Dixie Valley Earthquake, 7.3, December 16, Nevada
---- 1952----
Kern County Earthquake, 7.5, July, 21, California
--- 1947----
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 4, Texas/Southwest Louisiana
--- 1946----
Hilo, Hawaii Tsunami, waves of 20 to 32 feet which flooded the
downtown area, 159 deaths
---- 1938----
Shumagin Islands Earthquake, 8.3, November 10
---- 1935 ----
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 5, Florida Keys
---- 1932-----
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 4, East Texas
---- 1929-----
Placentia Bay, Newfoundland Tsunami, a severe earthquake on the Grand
Banks of Newfoundland on November 18 caused considerable damage and loss
of life (rare along the Atlantic coastline)
---- 1927-----
Lompoc Earthquake, 7.3, November 4, California
--- 1926-----
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 4, South Florida
--- 1919----
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 4, Texas
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 4, Florida Keys
---- 1915----
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 4, Texas
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 4, Southeast Louisiana
Pleasant Valley Earthquake, 7.7, October 3, California
---- 1906----
San Francisco Earthquake, 7.7, April 18, California
--- 1905----
Unnamed Hurricane, Category 4, Southeast Louisiana
---- 1900----
Kodiak Island Earthquake, 7.9, October 9, Alaska
---- 1899----
Cape Yakataga Earthquake, 8.2, September 4, Alaska
Yakutat Bay Earthquake, 8.2, September 10, Alaska
---- 1892----
Imperial Valley Earthquake, 7.8, February, 24, California
---- 1889----
Johnstown, Pennsylvania Flood, more than 2,200 lives were lost from
an upstream dam failure.
---- 1872----
Owens Valley Earthquake, 7.8, March 26,
---- 1868----
Ka’u District Earthquake, 7.9, April 3, Island of Hawaii
---- 1857----
Fort Tejon Earthquake, 7.9, January, 9
---- 1811 - 1812----
New Madrid Earthquake, “the Grandaddy of Earthquakes,” 3 quakes
over a magnitude of 8, a 3 month long series of quakes along the New Madrid
Fault in Missouri, these quakes were felt over 2 million square miles.
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